APES In a Box Notes:
Natural Gas
-Created by coal gasification
-Low net energy
- Mix of gases
- Mostly Methane CH4
- Found in crude oil
- Propane and Butane can be removed to make Liquefied Petroleum Gas
- Synthetic Natural Gas
-Created by coal gasification
-Low net energy
- Large reserves remain
- less air pollutants
- High net energy
Coal:
-composed of decayed plant material
-formed in wetland bogs
-surface mined by cutting oblong peat bricks
-can be burned for cooking and heating fuel
-Low carbon
-High Moisture
-25-30% carbon
-lowest quality
-crumbly
- higher carbon content than lignite
-lower moisture
-35-45% carbon
-slightly harder
-more fuel efficient
-most common in U.S
-Higher carbon
-Low Moisture
-35-86% carbon
-harder and shinier
-Low Moisture
-86-97% carbon
-least polluting
-most valuable
-highest quality
-Hard and shiny
- Four categories of coal that vary in carbon, moisture, and sulfur content
- older coal=high carbon content
- high carbon= most energy burn
- higher carbon=less air pollutant
- Peat( 1st stage of coal)
-composed of decayed plant material
-formed in wetland bogs
-surface mined by cutting oblong peat bricks
-can be burned for cooking and heating fuel
- Lignite (2nd stage Brown coal)
-Low carbon
-High Moisture
-25-30% carbon
-lowest quality
-crumbly
- Subbituminous (3rd stage)
- higher carbon content than lignite
-lower moisture
-35-45% carbon
-slightly harder
-more fuel efficient
- Bituminous (4th stage soft coal)
-most common in U.S
-Higher carbon
-Low Moisture
-35-86% carbon
-harder and shinier
- Anthrocite (5th stage Hard Coal)
-Low Moisture
-86-97% carbon
-least polluting
-most valuable
-highest quality
-Hard and shiny
Shale Oil
- Deposits of rock containing kerogen
- Kerogen=solid mix of hydrocarbons
- shale oil is extracted from crushing rock separating the oil
- 70% of this is in U.S
- Large domestic reserve
- Easy to transport
- Low net energy
- high disturbance in land
- CO2, NOx, and SOx is emmited when burned
- Mix of sand, clay, water, and Bitumen
- gained from strip mining
- mixed with water and heated to take out bitumen
- Bitumen can make crude oil
- canada has 75% of tar sands
- Large reserves
- Easy to transport
- Low net energy
- needs lots of water
- high land disturbance
- CO2, NOx, and SOx is emmited when burned
Oil
-Makes Gas,
-Jet fuel
-Diesel
-Grease
- Produced from heat and pressure of decaying organic matter over millions of years
- Consists of hydrocarbons
- When oil is taken from ground, it is called crude oil
- it is processed through fractional distillation
-Makes Gas,
-Jet fuel
-Diesel
-Grease
- high net energy
- domestically available
- little land disruption
- CO2, NOx, and SOx is emmited when burned
- U.S is dependent on imports
Charcoal:
- Made from burning of wood to remove moisture
- Used for cooking and heating
- Inexpensive
- High energy content
- Easy to transport
- Widely available
- less smoke than wood or dung
- renewable
- Deforestation is needed
- Unhealthy to breathe in