Chapter 8- Guided Reading
1: What is biological diversity?
How many organisms are different or vary from each other.
2: What is a population?
Amount of organisms from a species in a certain area.
3: What is a species?
A group of organisms that can inner breed with each other.
4: What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity?
Define the following:
* Genetic Diversity: number of characteristics in a species
* Habitat Diversity: The different habitats in a certain area.
* Species Richness: total number of species
* Species Evenness: the abundance of species
* Dominant Species: most abundant species
5: What are the 3 main domains of life?
6: What is biological evolution?
Change of characteristics over generations
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
Changes between the genes cause mutations. This makes more biodiversity.
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
Natural selection is the process of increasing the proportion of offspring. The four primary factors involved are:
A Closer Look 8.1
Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitos and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates
natural selection.
Malaria is a lethal disease carried on by mosquitoes onto humans. DDT is a pesticide meant to kill mosquitoes. Because of natural selection, many of these mosquitoes that were affected by DDT mutated to become immune.
Migration and Geographic Isolation
1: How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
The finches that were left isolated came to develop more niches.
2: Define: Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is change or variation of the frequency of the allele.
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game
The founder effect displays genetic drift because the individuals will vary less genetically.
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1: Since some species evolve and some will become extinct, biodiversity is constantly changing.
2: Adaptation listens to no big rules.
3: A species and population will become isolated every now and then.
4: Species will keep evolving and adapting to environments.
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates
the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
Measuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
A concept explaining how many species will exist with one another.
2: What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
Fundamental: availability of where a species is able to live
Realized: The place where a species is living in.
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to
both- each partner in symbiosis is called a: symbiont
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
Where two species provide what the other one needs.
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogs
The obedience and help that a dog is able to give make it so humans will make dogs more abundant.
Predation and Parasitism
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an
ecosystem
When predation occurs, there will be a balance in population for all the species in the food chain, making it so one species won't lose population for diversity to occur.
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs:
near the equator
2: What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
Soil type and topography
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
Many species will move around making some areas more diverse.
4: How do people affect diversity? Explain.
We destroy many habitats that a lot of animals live in pushing them away. This can either make diversity smaller or higher.
How many organisms are different or vary from each other.
2: What is a population?
Amount of organisms from a species in a certain area.
3: What is a species?
A group of organisms that can inner breed with each other.
4: What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity?
- Utilitarian Justification
- Ecological Justification
- Aesthetic Justification
- Recreational Justification
- Inspirational Justification
- Creative Justification
- Moral Justification
- Public service
- Theological
Define the following:
* Genetic Diversity: number of characteristics in a species
* Habitat Diversity: The different habitats in a certain area.
* Species Richness: total number of species
* Species Evenness: the abundance of species
* Dominant Species: most abundant species
5: What are the 3 main domains of life?
- Eukarya
- Bacteria
- Archea
6: What is biological evolution?
Change of characteristics over generations
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
Changes between the genes cause mutations. This makes more biodiversity.
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
Natural selection is the process of increasing the proportion of offspring. The four primary factors involved are:
- inheritance of traits
- Environmental variability
- Difference of reproduction
- The influence of the surroundings are environment
A Closer Look 8.1
Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitos and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates
natural selection.
Malaria is a lethal disease carried on by mosquitoes onto humans. DDT is a pesticide meant to kill mosquitoes. Because of natural selection, many of these mosquitoes that were affected by DDT mutated to become immune.
Migration and Geographic Isolation
1: How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
The finches that were left isolated came to develop more niches.
2: Define: Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is change or variation of the frequency of the allele.
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game
The founder effect displays genetic drift because the individuals will vary less genetically.
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1: Since some species evolve and some will become extinct, biodiversity is constantly changing.
2: Adaptation listens to no big rules.
3: A species and population will become isolated every now and then.
4: Species will keep evolving and adapting to environments.
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates
the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
Measuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
A concept explaining how many species will exist with one another.
2: What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
Fundamental: availability of where a species is able to live
Realized: The place where a species is living in.
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to
both- each partner in symbiosis is called a: symbiont
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
Where two species provide what the other one needs.
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogs
The obedience and help that a dog is able to give make it so humans will make dogs more abundant.
Predation and Parasitism
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an
ecosystem
When predation occurs, there will be a balance in population for all the species in the food chain, making it so one species won't lose population for diversity to occur.
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs:
near the equator
2: What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
Soil type and topography
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
Many species will move around making some areas more diverse.
4: How do people affect diversity? Explain.
We destroy many habitats that a lot of animals live in pushing them away. This can either make diversity smaller or higher.
Convergent and Divergent Evolution
1: Define and give an example of each of the following:
* Convergent Evolution:A species evolves to the stress of the environment
* Divergent Evolution: Process that influences life's geography.
Invasions, Invasive Species and Island Biogeography
1:What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
2: What is an ecological island?
A small habitat that is separated from major major habitats that are similar to each other.
Study Questions
1: Why do introduced species often become pests?
They become pests because they are not the same as the original species that live there .
1: Define and give an example of each of the following:
* Convergent Evolution:A species evolves to the stress of the environment
* Divergent Evolution: Process that influences life's geography.
Invasions, Invasive Species and Island Biogeography
1:What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
- islands that have less species than continents
- two sources of new species
- smaller island= fewspecies
- The greater the distance from the mainland that an island is, the fewer the species.
2: What is an ecological island?
A small habitat that is separated from major major habitats that are similar to each other.
Study Questions
1: Why do introduced species often become pests?
They become pests because they are not the same as the original species that live there .