APES Unit #3 Study Guide:
1: What makes the Zebra Mussel an invasive species?
The populations grew exponentially.
2: Define the following species interactions:
* Competition:
Two species will be harmed.
* Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory:
A species will benefit while the other species will get harmed
* Mutualism:
The two species will benefit.
3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition?
4: Define Competitive Exclusion:
-a species will not let any other species be able to use the specified resource
5: What must happen for species to co-exist?
Species must be able to cope with each other and live together in stability
6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species
wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche?
Fundamental is when something can complete its roles by using all resources available, realized is when one can only have limited resources because of other species.
7: Give an example of resource partitioning:
One bird on a tree might look for insects down the trunk while another will look inside the the tree. Both species of the birds will share the tree
8: How does character displacement help with competition?
They will be able to evolve to specialize in finding the food that they want most.
9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other:
Depending how much there are in each category, decides the other ones population.
10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population “fitness”?
Natural selection makes predators better hunters.
11: Define the following:
* Cryptic Coloration:
Coloring that camouflages an animals shape.
* Warning Coloration:
markings to warn predators off.
* Mimicry:
An animal copies another animal.
12: Define Parasitism:
When one organism benefits from another
13: What is the idea of “coevolution”?
The host and parasites duel in changing adaptations
14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory?
- toxic chemicals
-thorns
- other animals helping to protect the plant
15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism:
pollination transfer pollen to another flower that other insects or organisms use.
16: Define the following:
* Allelopathy:
Plants release toxic chemicals
* Commensalism:
When one benefits but the other will still not be harmed
* Facilitation:
When plants make shade for seedlings
17: What is a community of organisms?
Assembly of organisms that live in the same place with one another.
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below:
The populations grew exponentially.
2: Define the following species interactions:
* Competition:
Two species will be harmed.
* Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory:
A species will benefit while the other species will get harmed
* Mutualism:
The two species will benefit.
3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition?
- food
- water
- space
- mates
- sunlight
- shelter
4: Define Competitive Exclusion:
-a species will not let any other species be able to use the specified resource
5: What must happen for species to co-exist?
Species must be able to cope with each other and live together in stability
6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species
wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche?
Fundamental is when something can complete its roles by using all resources available, realized is when one can only have limited resources because of other species.
7: Give an example of resource partitioning:
One bird on a tree might look for insects down the trunk while another will look inside the the tree. Both species of the birds will share the tree
8: How does character displacement help with competition?
They will be able to evolve to specialize in finding the food that they want most.
9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other:
Depending how much there are in each category, decides the other ones population.
10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population “fitness”?
Natural selection makes predators better hunters.
11: Define the following:
* Cryptic Coloration:
Coloring that camouflages an animals shape.
* Warning Coloration:
markings to warn predators off.
* Mimicry:
An animal copies another animal.
12: Define Parasitism:
When one organism benefits from another
13: What is the idea of “coevolution”?
The host and parasites duel in changing adaptations
14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory?
- toxic chemicals
-thorns
- other animals helping to protect the plant
15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism:
pollination transfer pollen to another flower that other insects or organisms use.
16: Define the following:
* Allelopathy:
Plants release toxic chemicals
* Commensalism:
When one benefits but the other will still not be harmed
* Facilitation:
When plants make shade for seedlings
17: What is a community of organisms?
Assembly of organisms that live in the same place with one another.
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below:
Autotrophs
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Omnivores
Detritivores
Decomposers
19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem?
Matter
20: Explain why this statement is true: “ A human vegetarian’s ecological footprint is smaller
than a meat-eater’s footprint.”
Some animals aren't herbivores which means that some only feed on meat and we are consuming their needed meat.
21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain a a linear path of consumers and prey while a food web include all the interactions they all have with one another
22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed?
A species that widely impacts out of its proportion to its abundance. If it gets removed then the whole food chain will become unbalanced
23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important?
Consumers at the top of a trophic pyramid indirectly affects the ones at the bottom. It is important because ones at the bottom will have lose population.
24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and
resilience.
Resistance means that the organisms will be stable after a change while resilience will change but it will become normal again.
25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name
several ways)
They are species that aren't native but will widely spread becoming dominant.
some ways to take care of this are
- toxic chemicals
- depriving of oxygen
- drying them out
26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades?
They are returning it into the regular conditions that it used to be in.
27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following:
* Temperate deciduous forests:
-fertile
* Temperate rainforests:
- fertile
* Tropical rainforests:
-poor/acidic
* Tropical dry forest:
- erosion-prone
* Desert:
- saline
* Tundra:
- frozen (permafrost)
* Boreal forest (Taiga):
- Poor/acidic
28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain.
Altitude has different temperatures with height. Some organisms can only live in a specific temperature.
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Omnivores
Detritivores
Decomposers
19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem?
Matter
20: Explain why this statement is true: “ A human vegetarian’s ecological footprint is smaller
than a meat-eater’s footprint.”
Some animals aren't herbivores which means that some only feed on meat and we are consuming their needed meat.
21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain a a linear path of consumers and prey while a food web include all the interactions they all have with one another
22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed?
A species that widely impacts out of its proportion to its abundance. If it gets removed then the whole food chain will become unbalanced
23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important?
Consumers at the top of a trophic pyramid indirectly affects the ones at the bottom. It is important because ones at the bottom will have lose population.
24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and
resilience.
Resistance means that the organisms will be stable after a change while resilience will change but it will become normal again.
25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name
several ways)
They are species that aren't native but will widely spread becoming dominant.
some ways to take care of this are
- toxic chemicals
- depriving of oxygen
- drying them out
26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades?
They are returning it into the regular conditions that it used to be in.
27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following:
* Temperate deciduous forests:
-fertile
* Temperate rainforests:
- fertile
* Tropical rainforests:
-poor/acidic
* Tropical dry forest:
- erosion-prone
* Desert:
- saline
* Tundra:
- frozen (permafrost)
* Boreal forest (Taiga):
- Poor/acidic
28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain.
Altitude has different temperatures with height. Some organisms can only live in a specific temperature.