Apes Chapter 2 Notes:Earth is Unique:
- has liquid water -life -plate tectonics - Earth happens to be in the most perfect orbit around the sun which helps us support life Rise of Oxygen 2.3 billions ago... - oceans were full of iron - Took 2 billion years for oxygen to start building through photosynthesis Earliest Organisms 1) Prokarytoes (simple cell) -got energy from fermentation - not 3-D 2) Eukaryotes -Used Oxygen for respiration -had nucleus and organelles -has 3-D colonies Evo. Of Biosphere -after presence of first organisms... -alteration of biogeochemical cycles - organisms evolved into plants and animals Life and Global Chemical Cycles 1)Micronutrients were elements required for all life 2)Macronutrients: -24 elements needed by all organisms -Needed carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur Life and Global Chemical Cycles -For any life, it requires an exactly certain amount of the elements and variables Biochemical Cycles- Complete path a chemical takes through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere General Aspects of Biogeochemical Cycles -some chemicals cycle quick are regenerated for biological activity - others are immobile and return by geological processes - most nutrients are light - evolution of life altered biogeochemical cycles Geologic Cycle 1) Tectonic cycle -invovles making and destructing the lithosphere - large scale effects like locations of continents Types of Plate Bounderies: -Divergent: Plates move away from another -Convergent: Plates collide -Transform: Plates slide past each other 2) Hydrolic Cycle -Is the transfer of water from land to bodies of water to atmoshere. -Uses solar energy - It is the "water cycle" 3)Rock cycle -Produces rock and soil -Depends on tectonic cycle -Rocks classified as : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - Physical weather 4) Carbon Cycle: -carbon is element that anchors all organic substances - has gaseous phrase: Enters atmosphere through respiration, removed through photosynthesis - occurs in oceans as CO2 and CaCO3 -Enters ocean through diffusion, transfer from land to water, wind 5)Carbon Silicate cycle - Is the cycling of carbon with cycling of silicon - Weak carbonic acids fall in rain - Affects lvls of CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere 6) Nitrogen Cycle -necessary for production of proteins and DNA -N2 makes 78% of atmosphere - performed by bacteria - Fixates through atmospheric, denitrification, and industrial. 7)Phosphorus -No gaseous phase -Transfer is slow -enters as phosphate in plants, algae, and some bacteria -Returns to soil as plants die or runoffs -Returned to land by birds |